GDP (constant LCU), per square kilometre by country
GDP (constant LCU) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
211
Highest
23.02 billion constant LCU per square kilometre
South Korea
Lowest
245.38 constant LCU per square kilometre
Zimbabwe
Median
7.43 million constant LCU per square kilometre
Years covered
54
1970–2023
Data points
9,737
What the numbers show
GDP (constant LCU), per square kilometre is currently reported for 211 countries. The highest value is 23.02 billion constant LCU per square kilometre in South Korea; the lowest is 245.38 constant LCU per square kilometre in Zimbabwe.
The median across all reporting countries is 7.43 million constant LCU per square kilometre, and the mean is 452.98 million constant LCU per square kilometre.
Over the past decade 189 countries rose and 22 fell. The largest increase was in Guyana (up 325.8%), and the largest decrease in Macao (down 36.6%).
GDP (constant LCU), per square kilometre: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | South Korea | 23.02 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.5% | volatile |
| 2 | Vietnam | 18.68 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 80.1% | volatile |
| 3 | Macao | 11.19 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 36.6% | volatile |
| 4 | Iran | 10.24 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.4% | rising |
| 5 | Indonesia | 6.50 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.6% | volatile |
| 6 | Lebanon | 4.23 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 30.5% | rising |
| 7 | Monaco | 4.03 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 52.7% | rising |
| 8 | Hong Kong | 2.76 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.6% | volatile |
| 9 | Japan | 1.56 billion constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 10 | Colombia | 882.91 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.0% | volatile |
| 11 | Cambodia | 812.26 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 74.0% | volatile |
| 12 | Costa Rica | 802.66 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.0% | volatile |
| 13 | Singapore | 749.75 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.0% | volatile |
| 14 | Uganda | 719.09 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 58.7% | volatile |
| 15 | Laos | 620.57 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.5% | volatile |
| 16 | Hungary | 592.90 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.7% | rising |
| 17 | Paraguay | 570.98 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.6% | volatile |
| 18 | Iraq | 495.78 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.0% | volatile |
| 19 | Rwanda | 464.58 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 89.6% | volatile |
| 20 | Somalia | 454.79 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 67.1% | volatile |
| 21 | Uzbekistan | 390.86 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 74.6% | volatile |
| 22 | Guinea | 333.02 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 79.3% | volatile |
| 23 | Maldives | 325.05 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 64.0% | volatile |
| 24 | Comoros | 306.59 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.4% | rising |
| 25 | Chile | 275.33 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.5% | volatile |
| 26 | Mauritius | 259.84 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.4% | volatile |
| 27 | Bangladesh | 246.99 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 87.5% | volatile |
| 28 | Armenia | 243.93 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 57.6% | rising |
| 29 | Sri Lanka | 192.01 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.4% | volatile |
| 30 | Equatorial Guinea | 170.63 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 34.5% | volatile |
| 31 | French Polynesia | 170.24 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.7% | rising |
| 32 | Tanzania | 158.52 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 68.6% | volatile |
| 33 | Cote d'Ivoire | 133.97 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 84.4% | rising |
| 34 | Bermuda | 130.06 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 35 | Myanmar | 119.16 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.9% | volatile |
| 36 | Dominican Republic | 103.39 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 61.6% | volatile |
| 37 | Benin | 93.49 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 69.5% | volatile |
| 38 | Togo | 92.03 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 61.5% | rising |
| 39 | Nigeria | 85.57 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.9% | volatile |
| 40 | Jamaica | 84.54 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.8% | rising |
| 41 | Serbia | 83.35 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.2% | rising |
| 42 | Malawi | 82.82 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.4% | volatile |
| 43 | Czechia | 80.76 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 44 | Senegal | 80.13 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 67.7% | volatile |
| 45 | Israel | 77.34 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.7% | volatile |
| 46 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 76.00 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.4% | falling |
| 47 | Burundi | 74.96 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 48 | Albania | 71.75 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.2% | rising |
| 49 | Philippines | 70.59 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 58.8% | volatile |
| 50 | Denmark | 65.00 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 51 | Qatar | 60.42 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.2% | volatile |
| 52 | India | 59.37 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 80.1% | volatile |
| 53 | Seychelles | 56.88 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.9% | volatile |
| 54 | Cape Verde | 54.00 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.2% | volatile |
| 55 | New Caledonia | 53.76 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 1.4% | volatile |
| 56 | Pakistan | 53.13 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.7% | volatile |
| 57 | Cameroon | 52.39 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.3% | rising |
| 58 | Malta | 51.09 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 88.7% | volatile |
| 59 | Madagascar | 39.67 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 60 | Burkina Faso | 37.03 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 57.0% | volatile |
| 61 | Iceland | 35.13 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.6% | rising |
| 62 | Guinea-Bissau | 34.72 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.5% | rising |
| 63 | Liechtenstein | 30.11 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2009 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 64 | Aruba | 29.97 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.5% | rising |
| 65 | Trinidad and Tobago | 29.42 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 16.3% | volatile |
| 66 | Netherlands | 27.08 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.8% | rising |
| 67 | Djibouti | 26.88 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 71.5% | rising |
| 68 | Luxembourg | 26.31 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.8% | rising |
| 69 | Barbados | 25.66 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.6% | rising |
| 70 | United Arab Emirates | 23.61 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.9% | volatile |
| 71 | San Marino | 23.51 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 22.9% | flat |
| 72 | Gabon | 23.45 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.5% | rising |
| 73 | Haiti | 21.51 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.3% | rising |
| 74 | Thailand | 21.34 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.3% | volatile |
| 75 | Cayman Islands | 20.65 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.3% | rising |
| 76 | Mongolia | 19.61 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.3% | volatile |
| 77 | North Macedonia | 19.49 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 78 | Switzerland | 19.31 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.0% | rising |
| 79 | Guyana | 18.62 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 325.8% | volatile |
| 80 | Bahrain | 18.44 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.5% | volatile |
| 81 | Nepal | 18.00 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 52.7% | volatile |
| 82 | Kenya | 17.90 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 54.2% | volatile |
| 83 | Belgium | 17.04 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 84 | Faroe Islands | 14.85 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.7% | rising |
| 85 | Congo | 13.46 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.7% | rising |
| 86 | Sweden | 13.24 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.4% | rising |
| 87 | China | 13.01 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 79.5% | volatile |
| 88 | Mexico | 12.90 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.4% | rising |
| 89 | United States Virgin Islands | 11.40 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | down 2.4% | falling |
| 90 | Puerto Rico | 11.29 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.3% | rising |
| 91 | Uruguay | 10.52 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 92 | Germany | 10.35 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 93 | Curacao | 10.33 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 94 | Antigua and Barbuda | 10.32 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.7% | rising |
| 95 | Mali | 10.26 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 54.9% | volatile |
| 96 | Saint Martin (French part) | 10.21 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2021 | down 12.3% | falling |
| 97 | Norway | 10.20 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.7% | rising |
| 98 | Guam | 10.04 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 2.9% | rising |
| 99 | United Kingdom | 9.94 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.6% | rising |
| 100 | Saint Lucia | 9.41 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.1% | rising |
| 101 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 8.95 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 102 | Isle of Man | 8.32 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 11.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Egypt | 8.17 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.6% | volatile |
| 104 | Chad | 8.05 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.1% | volatile |
| 105 | Poland | 7.86 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.4% | rising |
| 106 | Grenada | 7.43 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.9% | rising |
| 107 | Gambia | 7.14 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.2% | rising |
| 108 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 7.14 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 75.5% | rising |
| 109 | Niger | 6.81 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 67.7% | volatile |
| 110 | Ireland | 6.62 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 119.2% | volatile |
| 111 | Nauru | 6.55 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.4% | volatile |
| 112 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 6.54 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.2% | rising |
| 113 | Italy | 6.49 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 114 | Andorra | 6.15 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.2% | rising |
| 115 | Kazakhstan | 6.04 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.2% | rising |
| 116 | Russia | 5.91 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 117 | Vanuatu | 5.64 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.3% | rising |
| 118 | Guatemala | 5.50 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.7% | volatile |
| 119 | Moldova | 5.28 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.9% | rising |
| 120 | Austria | 5.04 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.8% | rising |
| 121 | Bhutan | 5.01 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.5% | volatile |
| 122 | Malaysia | 4.77 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.4% | volatile |
| 123 | France | 4.76 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.6% | rising |
| 124 | Sao Tome and Principe | 4.35 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.6% | rising |
| 125 | Eswatini | 4.08 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.9% | volatile |
| 126 | Kyrgyzstan | 3.97 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.1% | rising |
| 127 | South Africa | 3.82 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.7% | rising |
| 128 | Syria | 3.75 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 17.5% | rising |
| 129 | Algeria | 3.66 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.3% | rising |
| 130 | Brunei | 3.59 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 131 | Ukraine | 3.37 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 32.0% | rising |
| 132 | American Samoa | 3.23 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 0.8% | falling |
| 133 | Cyprus | 3.01 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.0% | rising |
| 134 | Turkey | 2.90 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 61.7% | volatile |
| 135 | Morocco | 2.76 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.5% | volatile |
| 136 | Slovenia | 2.64 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.3% | rising |
| 137 | Spain | 2.63 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.1% | rising |
| 138 | Portugal | 2.54 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 139 | United States | 2.48 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.3% | rising |
| 140 | Palestine | 2.48 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.5% | rising |
| 141 | Dominica | 2.39 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 142 | Kuwait | 2.32 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 143 | Tuvalu | 2.25 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.5% | rising |
| 144 | Ethiopia | 2.22 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 112.5% | volatile |
| 145 | Romania | 2.18 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.7% | rising |
| 146 | Honduras | 2.18 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 37.2% | volatile |
| 147 | Slovakia | 2.13 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 148 | Saudi Arabia | 2.13 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.6% | rising |
| 149 | Northern Mariana Islands | 1.77 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2022 | up 9.0% | falling |
| 150 | Nicaragua | 1.69 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.6% | rising |
| 151 | Afghanistan | 1.62 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.6% | rising |
| 152 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1.62 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 182.7% | rising |
| 153 | Greece | 1.53 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 154 | Tonga | 1.45 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 155 | Mozambique | 1.37 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.5% | volatile |
| 156 | New Zealand | 1.37 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.7% | rising |
| 157 | Bahamas | 1.36 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 158 | El Salvador | 1.35 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.9% | rising |
| 159 | Bulgaria | 1.27 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.0% | rising |
| 160 | Central African Republic | 1.26 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.1% | rising |
| 161 | Angola | 1.23 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Marshall Islands | 1.18 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.3% | rising |
| 163 | Croatia | 1.16 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.0% | rising |
| 164 | Panama | 1.07 million constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.9% | volatile |
| 165 | Belarus | 993,857 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.2% | rising |
| 166 | Georgia | 887,734 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.3% | rising |
| 167 | Lithuania | 878,850 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.0% | rising |
| 168 | Sierra Leone | 862,484 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.4% | rising |
| 169 | Ghana | 821,534 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.2% | volatile |
| 170 | Finland | 796,980 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 171 | Samoa | 733,701 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 172 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 712,334 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.0% | rising |
| 173 | Lesotho | 682,968 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.1% | volatile |
| 174 | Estonia | 677,920 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.6% | rising |
| 175 | Tunisia | 609,802 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.8% | volatile |
| 176 | Fiji | 593,673 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 177 | Brazil | 535,326 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.5% | rising |
| 178 | Latvia | 525,889 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.5% | rising |
| 179 | Palau | 499,324 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.8% | rising |
| 180 | Cuba | 493,613 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.4% | rising |
| 181 | Ecuador | 464,785 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.2% | volatile |
| 182 | Kiribati | 442,122 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.5% | rising |
| 183 | Peru | 441,495 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.8% | volatile |
| 184 | Yemen | 431,055 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2018 | down 34.7% | rising |
| 185 | Solomon Islands | 399,571 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.9% | rising |
| 186 | Azerbaijan | 388,581 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.7% | volatile |
| 187 | Jordan | 366,984 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.3% | volatile |
| 188 | Mauritania | 364,796 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.9% | rising |
| 189 | Botswana | 360,588 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.0% | volatile |
| 190 | Micronesia (country) | 360,291 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.6% | rising |
| 191 | Australia | 333,789 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.2% | rising |
| 192 | Montenegro | 324,673 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.4% | rising |
| 193 | Canada | 283,169 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.5% | rising |
| 194 | Eritrea | 262,199 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2011 | down 9.0% | rising |
| 195 | Argentina | 261,069 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 196 | Belize | 224,612 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.6% | volatile |
| 197 | Zambia | 218,237 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.8% | volatile |
| 198 | Namibia | 184,432 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 199 | Turkmenistan | 166,472 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 90.4% | volatile |
| 200 | Papua New Guinea | 153,405 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.6% | volatile |
| 201 | Oman | 121,727 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.6% | volatile |
| 202 | East Timor | 119,011 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 203 | Suriname | 96,320 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.5% | rising |
| 204 | Tajikistan | 69,717 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 101.6% | volatile |
| 205 | Venezuela | 67,808 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2014 | up 41.8% | rising |
| 206 | Libya | 47,571 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.6% | rising |
| 207 | Bolivia | 47,026 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.4% | volatile |
| 208 | Liberia | 39,857 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.0% | falling |
| 209 | Greenland | 39,616 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.0% | rising |
| 210 | Sudan | 7,368 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | down 30.1% | falling |
| 211 | Zimbabwe | 245.38 constant LCU per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.9% | rising |
How this figure is calculated
GDP (constant LCU) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
GDP (constant LCU) ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- GDP UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
GDP (constant LCU) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.