Natural population growth, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Natural population growth. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Countries reporting
236
Highest
702.78 % change on previous year
Martinique
Lowest
-151.91 % change on previous year
Aruba
Median
-1.2 % change on previous year
Years covered
73
1951–2023
Data points
17,199
What the numbers show
Natural population growth, annual growth rate is currently reported for 236 countries. The highest value is 702.78 % change on previous year in Martinique; the lowest is -151.91 % change on previous year in Aruba.
The median across all reporting countries is -1.2 % change on previous year, and the mean is 12.99 % change on previous year.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 5.
Over the past decade 141 countries rose and 95 fell. The largest increase was in Central African Republic (up 9,824.2%), and the largest decrease in Qatar (down 10,481.9%).
Natural population growth, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Martinique | 702.78 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5,057.0% | volatile |
| 2 | Mauritius | 674.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 4,580.2% | volatile |
| 3 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 494 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 6,380.5% | volatile |
| 4 | Central African Republic | 480.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 9,824.2% | volatile |
| 5 | Barbados | 268.42 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 4,805.4% | volatile |
| 6 | Canada | 161.56 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,958.2% | volatile |
| 7 | Denmark | 140.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 441.5% | volatile |
| 8 | Macau (China) | 136.48 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 3,437.8% | volatile |
| 9 | Uruguay | 110.07 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,176.2% | volatile |
| 10 | Faroe Islands | 95.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,306.5% | volatile |
| 11 | Switzerland | 84.79 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,282.6% | volatile |
| 12 | Slovak Republic | 66.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,600.7% | volatile |
| 13 | Malta | 63 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,534.0% | volatile |
| 14 | Argentina | 59.51 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 3,990.8% | volatile |
| 15 | Georgia | 42.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 128.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Armenia | 40.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 6,809.0% | volatile |
| 17 | Norway | 33.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,134.0% | volatile |
| 18 | Hong Kong (China) | 32.49 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 236.1% | volatile |
| 19 | Portugal | 29.05 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 177.5% | volatile |
| 20 | Montenegro | 26.58 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 537.1% | volatile |
| 21 | Serbia | 26.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 850.0% | volatile |
| 22 | Greece | 25.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 359.4% | volatile |
| 23 | Thailand | 24.44 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 403.2% | volatile |
| 24 | Spain | 22.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 186.6% | volatile |
| 25 | Monaco | 22.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 146.6% | volatile |
| 26 | Seychelles | 21.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 219.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Bulgaria | 21.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 324.5% | volatile |
| 28 | Australia | 20.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,132.8% | volatile |
| 29 | United States | 20.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 512.9% | volatile |
| 30 | New Zealand | 19.85 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 394.5% | volatile |
| 31 | Albania | 19.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5,625.9% | volatile |
| 32 | Korea | 18.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 226.8% | volatile |
| 33 | Italy | 18.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 275.0% | volatile |
| 34 | Chile | 17.58 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,225.7% | volatile |
| 35 | Lithuania | 16.94 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 240.8% | volatile |
| 36 | Poland | 16.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 111.4% | volatile |
| 37 | Slovenia | 15.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 145.1% | volatile |
| 38 | Puerto Rico | 15.09 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 295.1% | volatile |
| 39 | Brunei Darussalam | 14.71 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 762.1% | volatile |
| 40 | Singapore | 14.47 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 201.1% | volatile |
| 41 | Russia | 13.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 94.6% | volatile |
| 42 | Iceland | 12.89 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 179.5% | volatile |
| 43 | Romania | 12.65 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 412.5% | volatile |
| 44 | Costa Rica | 12.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 287.5% | volatile |
| 45 | Ukraine | 11.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,675.8% | volatile |
| 46 | Cyprus | 11.36 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 208.3% | volatile |
| 47 | Saudi Arabia | 11.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 441.7% | volatile |
| 48 | Guadeloupe | 11.27 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 244.2% | volatile |
| 49 | Cuba | 11.27 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 194.8% | volatile |
| 50 | Germany | 11.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 173.8% | volatile |
| 51 | Finland | 10.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 170.2% | volatile |
| 52 | Réunion | 9.86 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 394.8% | volatile |
| 53 | Belize | 9.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,862.8% | volatile |
| 54 | United Arab Emirates | 8.96 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 576.4% | volatile |
| 55 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8.87 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 134.4% | volatile |
| 56 | Somalia | 6.95 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 20.3% | volatile |
| 57 | Peru | 6.73 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 454.3% | volatile |
| 58 | Tokelau | 6.13 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 58.5% | volatile |
| 59 | Japan | 6.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 163.1% | volatile |
| 60 | Malaysia | 5.94 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 301.2% | volatile |
| 61 | Oman | 5.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 249.3% | volatile |
| 62 | Dominica | 5.05 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 114.5% | volatile |
| 63 | Brazil | 4.57 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 314.2% | volatile |
| 64 | Namibia | 4.5 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 463.8% | volatile |
| 65 | Latvia | 4.31 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 61.2% | volatile |
| 66 | Luxembourg | 4.27 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 30.8% | volatile |
| 67 | New Caledonia | 3.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 221.6% | volatile |
| 68 | Syrian Arab Republic | 3.69 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 150.1% | volatile |
| 69 | Anguilla | 3.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 111.4% | volatile |
| 70 | United States Virgin Islands | 3.25 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 116.3% | volatile |
| 71 | Hungary | 3.16 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 40.2% | volatile |
| 72 | Colombia | 2.89 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 177.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Chinese Taipei | 2.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 112.6% | volatile |
| 74 | Paraguay | 2.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 447.0% | volatile |
| 75 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 1.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 168.6% | volatile |
| 76 | Senegal | 1.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 168.5% | volatile |
| 77 | Guatemala | 1.25 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 155.9% | volatile |
| 78 | Egypt | 0.8238 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 64.1% | volatile |
| 79 | Yemen | 0.802 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 46.8% | volatile |
| 80 | Niger | 0.781 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 259.8% | volatile |
| 81 | Haiti | 0.7566 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 128.1% | volatile |
| 82 | Sudan | 0.7219 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 140.3% | volatile |
| 83 | Eritrea | 0.6307 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 127.2% | volatile |
| 84 | Malawi | 0.32 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 141.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.3016 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 110.6% | volatile |
| 86 | Estonia | 0.2892 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 101.3% | volatile |
| 87 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.2661 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 870.9% | volatile |
| 88 | Mexico | 0.2626 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 112.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Gambia | 0.0041 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.2% | volatile |
| 90 | Cameroon | -0.0113 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 98.6% | volatile |
| 91 | Philippines | -0.0817 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 97.7% | volatile |
| 92 | Lesotho | -0.0965 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 101.4% | volatile |
| 93 | Nigeria | -0.1177 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 93.9% | volatile |
| 94 | Congo | -0.1272 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 95.2% | volatile |
| 95 | Mayotte | -0.1771 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 351.7% | volatile |
| 96 | Mali | -0.2668 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 80.5% | volatile |
| 97 | Zambia | -0.304 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 81.2% | volatile |
| 98 | Niue | -0.5931 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 94.2% | volatile |
| 99 | Liberia | -0.6122 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 83.2% | volatile |
| 100 | North Macedonia | -0.6173 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 108.6% | volatile |
| 101 | Türkiye | -0.782 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 214.5% | volatile |
| 102 | Mozambique | -0.8167 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 675.9% | volatile |
| 103 | Madagascar | -0.8195 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 30.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Eswatini | -0.8358 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 131.1% | volatile |
| 105 | South Sudan | -0.9342 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.0% | volatile |
| 106 | Burkina Faso | -0.9578 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 12.4% | volatile |
| 107 | Gibraltar | -1.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 113.7% | volatile |
| 108 | Sierra Leone | -1.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 53.1% | volatile |
| 109 | Uzbekistan | -1.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 116.0% | volatile |
| 110 | Guinea-Bissau | -1.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 110.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Mauritania | -1.07 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 18.6% | volatile |
| 112 | Togo | -1.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 36.0% | volatile |
| 113 | Angola | -1.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 362.8% | volatile |
| 114 | Jordan | -1.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 85.7% | volatile |
| 115 | Iraq | -1.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 47.5% | volatile |
| 116 | Kenya | -1.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 74.5% | volatile |
| 117 | Tonga | -1.18 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 44.4% | volatile |
| 118 | Ghana | -1.18 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 110.7% | volatile |
| 119 | Tanzania, United Republic of | -1.22 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 170.3% | volatile |
| 120 | Suriname | -1.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 33.2% | volatile |
| 121 | Benin | -1.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 962.7% | volatile |
| 122 | Pakistan | -1.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 32.3% | volatile |
| 123 | Djibouti | -1.3 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 37.5% | volatile |
| 124 | Bangladesh | -1.31 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 115.6% | volatile |
| 125 | Burundi | -1.32 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 1.0% | volatile |
| 126 | Uganda | -1.32 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 7.9% | volatile |
| 127 | Zimbabwe | -1.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 205.1% | volatile |
| 128 | Solomon Islands | -1.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 70.4% | volatile |
| 129 | Afghanistan | -1.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 138.5% | volatile |
| 130 | Papua New Guinea | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 9.7% | volatile |
| 131 | Comoros | -1.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 52.4% | volatile |
| 132 | Nicaragua | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 38.1% | volatile |
| 133 | Guinea | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 318.9% | volatile |
| 134 | Ethiopia | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 34.8% | volatile |
| 135 | Côte d’Ivoire | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 258.0% | volatile |
| 136 | South Africa | -1.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 371.3% | volatile |
| 137 | Ecuador | -1.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 80.0% | volatile |
| 138 | Chad | -1.57 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 23.0% | volatile |
| 139 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | -1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 32.1% | volatile |
| 140 | French Guiana | -1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 72.4% | volatile |
| 141 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | -1.64 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 156.4% | volatile |
| 142 | Kuwait | -1.65 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 71.5% | volatile |
| 143 | Bhutan | -1.67 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.4% | volatile |
| 144 | Timor-Leste | -1.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 50.6% | volatile |
| 145 | Equatorial Guinea | -1.73 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 4.8% | volatile |
| 146 | Gabon | -1.76 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 10.7% | volatile |
| 147 | Honduras | -1.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 18.4% | volatile |
| 148 | Kyrgyzstan | -1.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.1% | volatile |
| 149 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | -1.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 50.5% | volatile |
| 150 | Rwanda | -1.98 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 83.3% | volatile |
| 151 | Panama | -2 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 0.6% | volatile |
| 152 | Qatar | -2.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 10,481.9% | volatile |
| 153 | Cabo Verde | -2.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 58.7% | volatile |
| 154 | Botswana | -2.25 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 127.8% | volatile |
| 155 | Fiji | -2.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 211.7% | volatile |
| 156 | Vanuatu | -2.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 4,060.2% | volatile |
| 157 | India | -2.31 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 39.7% | volatile |
| 158 | Myanmar | -2.44 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 222.9% | volatile |
| 159 | Lao People’s Democratic Republic | -2.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5.8% | volatile |
| 160 | El Salvador | -2.62 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2.9% | volatile |
| 161 | Nepal | -2.72 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 88.9% | volatile |
| 162 | Kazakhstan | -2.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 229.5% | volatile |
| 163 | Kiribati | -2.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 8.0% | volatile |
| 164 | Samoa | -3.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 415.3% | volatile |
| 165 | Saint Barthélemy | -3.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 84.9% | volatile |
| 166 | Indonesia | -3.47 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 41.7% | volatile |
| 167 | Morocco | -3.49 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5.9% | volatile |
| 168 | Guyana | -3.51 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 286.7% | volatile |
| 169 | Tunisia | -3.62 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 624.8% | volatile |
| 170 | Ireland | -3.75 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 53.0% | volatile |
| 171 | Sri Lanka | -3.84 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 377.7% | volatile |
| 172 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | -3.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 93.6% | volatile |
| 173 | American Samoa | -3.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5.4% | volatile |
| 174 | Tajikistan | -3.93 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 485.9% | volatile |
| 175 | Lebanon | -3.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 25.6% | volatile |
| 176 | Cambodia | -3.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 5,755.3% | volatile |
| 177 | Jersey | -4.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 78.0% | volatile |
| 178 | Guam | -4.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.5% | volatile |
| 179 | Maldives | -4.27 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 20.6% | volatile |
| 180 | Cayman Islands | -4.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 48.0% | volatile |
| 181 | Western Sahara | -4.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 72.9% | volatile |
| 182 | French Polynesia | -4.84 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 22.2% | volatile |
| 183 | Czechia | -4.92 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 95.5% | volatile |
| 184 | Israel | -5.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 355.2% | volatile |
| 185 | Antigua and Barbuda | -5.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.4% | volatile |
| 186 | Turkmenistan | -5.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 357.3% | volatile |
| 187 | Dominican Republic | -5.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 150.1% | volatile |
| 188 | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | -5.58 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 6.5% | volatile |
| 189 | Algeria | -5.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 905.2% | volatile |
| 190 | British Virgin Islands | -5.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 269.5% | volatile |
| 191 | Nauru | -6.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 140.7% | volatile |
| 192 | Saint Martin (French part) | -6.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 54.6% | volatile |
| 193 | Liechtenstein | -6.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 64.5% | volatile |
| 194 | Marshall Islands | -6.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2.3% | volatile |
| 195 | Mongolia | -6.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 178.4% | volatile |
| 196 | Viet Nam | -6.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 1,426.7% | volatile |
| 197 | Tuvalu | -7.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 894.7% | volatile |
| 198 | Bahrain | -7.3 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 629.6% | volatile |
| 199 | Turks and Caicos Islands | -7.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 7.1% | volatile |
| 200 | Curaçao | -8.31 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 25.6% | volatile |
| 201 | Holy See | -8.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 623.5% | volatile |
| 202 | Greenland | -8.96 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 311.2% | volatile |
| 203 | Bailiwick of Guernsey | -9.3 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 284.9% | volatile |
| 204 | Azerbaijan | -10.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 969.7% | volatile |
| 205 | Grenada | -10.09 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 76.8% | volatile |
| 206 | Jamaica | -10.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 66.3% | volatile |
| 207 | Bahamas | -10.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 236.7% | volatile |
| 208 | Saint Lucia | -10.6 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 262.8% | volatile |
| 209 | Austria | -10.69 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 135.9% | volatile |
| 210 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | -10.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 510.1% | volatile |
| 211 | Northern Mariana Islands | -11.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 367.4% | volatile |
| 212 | Republic of Moldova | -12.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 64.7% | volatile |
| 213 | Andorra | -13.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 48.6% | volatile |
| 214 | United Kingdom | -14.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 15.4% | volatile |
| 215 | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | -15.18 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2,126.6% | volatile |
| 216 | Trinidad and Tobago | -15.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 266.2% | volatile |
| 217 | Croatia | -16.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 20.6% | volatile |
| 218 | Isle of Man | -16.72 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 52.0% | volatile |
| 219 | Sint Maarten | -17.83 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 167.4% | volatile |
| 220 | Libya | -18.53 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 6,997.1% | volatile |
| 221 | San Marino | -18.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 121.2% | volatile |
| 222 | Palestine, State of | -19.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 1,385.4% | volatile |
| 223 | Belarus | -19.64 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 136.5% | volatile |
| 224 | France | -20.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 378.8% | volatile |
| 225 | Montserrat | -21.47 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 16.1% | volatile |
| 226 | Cook Islands | -27.58 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 397.6% | volatile |
| 227 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -30.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 253.8% | volatile |
| 228 | Wallis and Futuna | -31.74 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 24.2% | volatile |
| 229 | Bermuda | -37.86 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 74.5% | volatile |
| 230 | Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba | -41.55 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 242.1% | volatile |
| 231 | Palau | -54.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2,231.2% | volatile |
| 232 | Sweden | -61.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 751.2% | volatile |
| 233 | Netherlands | -73.82 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 505.6% | volatile |
| 234 | China (People’s Republic of) | -80.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 606.0% | volatile |
| 235 | Belgium | -99.42 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 630.0% | volatile |
| 236 | Aruba | -151.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 5,208.3% | volatile |
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Natural population growth. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Natural population growth Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Natural population growth. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.